NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE FORMATION OF NANOPARTICLES IN AN IMPINGING TWIN-JET

The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method has been used to solve the fluid momentum equations coupled with a convection-diffusion equation to study the formation of pollutant nanoparticles in a vehicular exhaust with impinging twin-jet. The functions of the space (S) between the two jets and the distance (H) from the exit of nozzle to the impingement plane are evaluated according to the distributions of pollutant nanoparticles. The results show that the nucleation produces a large number of nanoparticles, and gas-to-nanoparticle conversion mostly takes place in the interface region of the two jets, the circumambience of the jets, and region near the plane. The maximal particle size and maximal number concentration produced by both nucleation and coagulation appear around the region of free jet and the region near the plane, respectively. The significant differences for various spaces between the two jets are the number concentration and size distributions in the interface region of the two jets. For the case with larger space, more nanoparticles are produced by nucleation and coagulation. The more the distance from the exit of nozzle to the impingement plane, the lower is the number concentration and the fewer the particles distribute near the plane. Increasing the distance from nozzle to plane is beneficial to the reduction of nanoparticle formation.     

Multi-phase flow and drying characteristics in a semi-circular impinging stream dryer

A physical model was proposed to describe granular material drying in a semi-circular impinging stream dryer, and the multi-phase flow characteristics as well as the heat and mass transfer were numerically investigated. Specially, the influence of various factors (inlet air temperature, mass flow-rate ratio, initial moisture content etc.) on drying process was inspected. The results indicate that constant drying rate period does not exist in a semi-circular impinging stream dryer. Appropriate curvature radius, flow-rate ratio, air velocity and higher inlet air temperature should be chosen for improving the drying performance, and decreasing the energy consumption and operation cost. The numerical predictions were compared with the available experimental results, and they are in quite good agreement with each other.     

Modeling for Width Adjustment in Alluvial Rivers

The width adjustment models in current use for application to alluvial rivers are based on the extremal hypotheses. In these models, the increase in slope required to sustain higher-sediment concentration is provided by aggradation of the river bed. An alternative approach was presented by the writer (Chitale 2001) which showed that on a long-term basis, the increase in slope required for higher-sediment concentration is accompanied by a reduction of the meander sinuosity associated with a bigger width-to-depth ratio. In width adjustment, aggradation is thus a transient phenomenon of temporary duration until the final stable width is achieved. The physical sequence of the adjustment process according to this hypothesis is presented and supporting evidence is given. It is also concluded that the predictive models for stable width on a long-term basis need necessarily to include the meander sinuosity as an essential parameter.     

高速淹没冲击射流的压强特性

在试验室中研究了高速淹没射流对挡板的冲击压强特性。射流出流速度为10．36m／s～53．86m／s、厚度为3cm。测得最大时均冲击压强沿射流流程的变化规律以及挡板上的时均冲击压强的分布特性及扩散宽度。试验结果表明：在高流速范围内，挡板上的最大时均无量纲冲击压强与无量纲射流流程的平方根之间存在良好的直线关系。当射流流程大于80倍出流厚度时，淹没射流产生的冲击压强可以忽略。挡板上的时均压强分布存在较好的自模性，近似符合高斯分布。最后给出了挡板冲击区宽度的定量描述。     

数值模拟波浪翻越直立方柱

本文应用ＶＯＦ方法研究了孤立波翻越直立方柱流动的全过程。用人工压缩法和差分法求解二维Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程，用施主－受主法求解流体体积函数控制方程。通过数值计算得到了孤立波翻越直立方柱的流场和压力值，并成功地模拟出波浪涌顶，水柱喷射，冲击和界面破碎的过程。     

Hydrodynamic constraints on evolution of chemically mediated interactions between aquatic organisms in unidirectional flows

Two hydrodynamic habitats can be defined in unidirectional flow: (1) A boundary where molecular diffusion dominates is found within roughly 1 mm of solid substrates. The actual thickness of this diffusion boundary is a function of current velocity and topography of the substrates. (2) A zone of turbulent flow is present outside the diffusion boundary where chemicals are rapidly diluted and transported downstream. The mode of chemically mediated interaction between organisms in streams is constrained differently depending on which of these two habitats they occupy. Within a diffusion boundary, reciprocal interaction between small organisms is possible because mixing is low, diffusion flux high, and organisms share the same water. Outside a diffusion boundary, in unidirectional flow, organisms unable to move effectively against flow are only chemically influenced by upstream organisms and can only influence downstream organisms. Organisms that are able to move upstream can interact reciprocally with other organisms, even if one or both organisms are found primarily in areas of turbulent mixing.     

Influence of regulation on environmental conditions and the macroinvertebrate community in the upper Colorado river

The influence of stream regulation on environmental conditions and concomitant alterations of macroinvertebrate community structure was determined from field studies conducted from September 1981-June 1983 at three sites on the upper Colorado River. Site 1 (reference site) was located above Granby and Shadow Mountain Reservoirs, a deep-release storage impoundment, whereas sites 2 (regulated site) and 3 (recovery site) were located 0·4 and 4·0 km, respectively, below the dam. Although macroinvertebrate diversity was reduced at the regulated site compared to both the reference and recovery sites, the number of taxa (43) was considerably higher than values reported from studies of other regulated streams in the Rocky Mountains. Macroinvertebrate mean annual density in the regulated site was twenty times higher than at the reference site and slightly higher than the recovery site. The regulated site was characterized by the absence of heptageniid mayflies, reductions in stoneflies, caddisflies, shredders, and predators, and high densities of Baetis spp., Ephemerella infrequens, chironomids, and non-insect taxa. Many of these faunal changes are attributed to alterations in the temperature regime induced by regulation and to changes in the source and temporal sequencing of organic detritus. Although the number of annual degree days was actually greater below the dam than above the reservoir, other components of the thermal regime was severely altered by regulation. At the regulated site the primary source of coarse organic detritus was autochthonous (decaying algae) with a vernal pulse, in contrast to the typical autumnal pulse of allochthonous leaf litter. There was no evidence that the greater substrate permeability and flow predictability below the dam directly influenced the reduction of species.     

Low flows and recovery of macroinvertebrates in a small regulated chalk stream

The ecological effects of, and subsequent recovery from, a protracted drought exacerbated by groundwater abstractions on a small English chalk stream are described. Preliminary data from 15 sites showed significant physical and biotic changes between two surveys (in 1992 and 1993) and between ‘upland’ and ‘lowland’ sectors. At the end of the drought (1992) the macroinvertebrate community was severely reduced in the upland sector—with low abundances and species richness—but recovery was dramatic with the return of normal flows. In contrast, relatively little change was observed in the lowland sector. The observed faunal differences are discussed in relation to information on the impact of previous droughts and recovery rates.     

金属冲击加热炉内流动及传热的数值模拟

采用紊流动量方程、Ｋ－ε双方程紊流模型及能量方程相结合的方法对金属冲击加热炉内速度场及温度场进行了数值模拟，其中能量方程的源项辐射传热采用离散辐射强度法计算。用此模型探讨了炉内温度分布特征、对流传热系数的大小及分布。该模型为以对流传热为主的金属冲击加热炉内的综合传热过程提供了一种理论研究途径。     

A function for generating nearly balanced binary search trees from sets of non-random keys

A function for generating nearly balanced binary search trees from sets of non-random keys is described. This function can be used in hashing organization where collisions are resolved by construction of binary trees. In particular it can be used as the secondary function in the relatively new technique of dynamic hashing.